Buy-to-Let and Second Homes Boost Stamp Duty Revenue

Rising Stamp Duty Earnings from Additional Properties

Recent analysis by Paragon Bank reveals a significant shift in stamp duty revenue sources across England. As of May 2026, buy-to-let and second-home transactions now make up the majority of stamp duty receipts in over half of English local authorities. This trend has emerged since the introduction of the 3% stamp duty surcharge in April 2016, which was later increased to 5% during the 2024 autumn Budget.

Impact on Local Authorities

The data indicates that income from higher-rate additional dwelling (HRAD) stamp duty transactions accounted for at least half of total stamp duty receipts in 164 English local authorities, marking a dramatic increase from just 62 authorities in the 2016/17 period. The share of councils benefiting from this revenue stream has risen from 22% to 56%. Notably, many of these councils are located in urban areas of the Midlands and North, diverging from the traditional holiday or second-home hotspots.

Regional Insights

The analysis highlights that the higher-rate tax is now the primary source of stamp duty income in 93% of local authorities in Yorkshire and 92% in the North East. For instance, in Kingston upon Hull, HRAD transactions accounted for a staggering 97% of total stamp duty receipts, while Sandwell in the West Midlands reported 92%. Major cities such as Manchester, Salford, and Wolverhampton now derive three-quarters or more of their stamp duty income from additional-property purchases, underlining a shifting focus towards buy-to-let investments in these regions.

Long-term Effects of the Surcharge

Louisa Sedgwick, managing director of mortgages at Paragon Bank, commented on the unintended consequences of the stamp duty surcharge: “The surcharge was intended to temper buy-to-let and second-home demand, but it has instead solidified additional-property purchases as a vital source of stamp duty revenue. Over time, these transactions have grown to represent a much larger share of stamp duty revenues than initially anticipated.” The policy has particularly impacted northern regions, where property prices are generally lower, making buy-to-let investments more attractive.

As the UK base rate stands at 3.75% (as of April 2026), potential investors should consider how these changes in stamp duty may affect their mortgage decisions. For those looking to navigate the current landscape, checking current mortgage rates can provide valuable insights.